J. MICHAEL SEABRIGHT, District Judge.
On February 4, 2009, Plaintiff David Kersh ("Plaintiff") filed this action
Currently before the court is Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment in which they argue, among other things, that Plaintiff's claims are time-barred. Based on the following, the court finds that there is no genuine issue of material fact that all of Plaintiff's claims are time-barred and GRANTS Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment.
According to Plaintiff, he received a universal life insurance policy from Defendants. Specifically, in 1978 he approached Max Wayburn, a friend and insurance agent with NALA, to obtain a universal life insurance policy in which payments needed to be made in four out of seven years to be paid in full. Max Wayburn Decl. ¶¶ 1-4. Wayburn was aware that Plaintiff was not interested in whole life insurance (requiring payments during the entire lifetime of the insured), and that Plaintiff was only interested in either term life insurance through B'nai Brith or a "four year and out" universal life insurance policy. Id. ¶ 11. As a result, Wayburn offered Plaintiff a $200,000 life insurance policy with NALA that allowed Plaintiff to pay $16,960 any time within the first seven years (or four payments of $4,240 in any four of the first seven years) for the policy to be paid in full. Id. ¶¶ 6-7. Plaintiff asserts that he made four full premium payments by May or June 1981, resulting in a fully-paid life insurance policy. See Wayburn Decl. ¶ 15; Pl.'s Ex. 3.
According to Defendants, Plaintiff did not receive a universal life insurance policy and Plaintiff may have confused the insurance policy he received with a tax concept providing that so long as a policyholder pays the annual premium for four of the first seven years of a life insurance policy, the policy becomes tax qualified. See David Crawford Decl. ¶ 34; Defs.' Ex. H. Rather than a universal life insurance policy, Defendants
According to Defendants' records, Plaintiff made two full premium payments totalling $8,484 and a partial payment of $250. See Defs.' Ex. F; Crawford Decl. ¶ 25. Sometime in 1983, Defendants advised Plaintiff via letter that additional payments were needed to prevent the policy from terminating, and in response the $250 payment was made. See Defs.' Ex. N (letter from Plaintiff discussing letter he received from Defendants). Ultimately, however, no further payments were received and the policy lapsed on February 20, 1984 after automatic premium loans and dividends were exhausted. See Defs.' Exs. D (providing rates to calculate automatic premium loans from a policy); G (showing calculations for lapse of policy); Crawford Decl. ¶¶ 19-21, 25-30 (explaining calculation of lapse of policy).
Starting in 1997, Plaintiff began challenging Defendants' assertions that the policy has lapsed. Defs.' Concise Statement of Facts ("CSF") ¶ 7.
As early as April 28, 1998, Plaintiff was aware that NALA had terminated the policy in 1984. Defs.' CSF ¶ 11. Upon receipt of an April 28, 1998 letter providing this information, Plaintiff "was really upset and emotional that they were trying to take my money and tell me I don't have a policy .... I probably called them crooks. They stole my money and they're defrauding me, and I was extremely upset that day." Id. ¶ 13. As a result, Plaintiff began to threaten filing suit against Defendants regarding the policy. Id. ¶ 8.
In or around January 27, 2003, Plaintiff alleged that "someone screwed around with this policy and faked it and lied to me" such that he became "extremely upset and really, really upset over this." Id. ¶ 14. As of January 31, 2003, however, Defendants informed Plaintiff that they considered the matter closed because they had already endeavored to answer Plaintiff's questions regarding his policy, and, at Plaintiff's request, provided duplicates of documents previously provided. Id. ¶ 9.
Plaintiff filed this action on February 4, 2009, and his First Amended Complaint
On January 12, 2011, Defendants filed their Motion for Summary Judgment. Plaintiff filed his Opposition on March 21, 2011, and Defendants filed their Reply on March 28, 2011. A hearing was held on April 11, 2011. On May 9, 2011, the parties submitted supplemental briefing regarding accrual of Plaintiff's breach of contract claim and the statute of limitations. Defendants filed a further supplemental reply on May 13, 2011.
Summary judgment is proper where there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). Rule 56(a) mandates summary judgment "against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to the party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); see also Broussard v. Univ. of Cal. at Berkeley, 192 F.3d 1252, 1258 (9th Cir.1999).
"A party seeking summary judgment bears the initial burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion and of identifying those portions of the pleadings and discovery responses that demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir.2007) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548); see also Jespersen v. Harrah's Operating Co., 392 F.3d 1076, 1079 (9th Cir.2004). "When the moving party has carried its burden under Rule 56[(a)] its opponent must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts [and] come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio, 475 U.S. 574, 586-87, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) (citation and internal quotation signals omitted); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) (stating that a party cannot "rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his pleading" in opposing summary judgment).
"An issue is `genuine' only if there is a sufficient evidentiary basis on which a reasonable fact finder could find for the nonmoving party, and a dispute is `material' only if it could affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law." In re Barboza, 545 F.3d 702, 707 (9th Cir.2008) (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505). When considering the evidence on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all reasonable inferences on behalf of the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., 475 U.S. at 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348; see also Posey v. Lake Pend Oreille Sch. Dist. No. 84, 546 F.3d 1121, 1126 (9th Cir.2008) (stating that "the evidence of [the nonmovant] is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor." (citations omitted)).
Defendants argue that all of Plaintiff's claims are barred by the statute of limitations.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d) provides:
Under Rule 56(d), "[t]he requesting party must show: (1) it has set forth in affidavit form the specific facts it hopes to elicit from further discovery; (2) the facts sought exist; and (3) the sought-after facts are essential to oppose summary judgment." Family Home & Fin. Ctr. v. Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp., 525 F.3d 822, 827 (9th Cir.2008); see also Tatum v. City & County of S.F., 441 F.3d 1090, 1100 (9th Cir.2006).
Although Plaintiff submitted the declaration of his counsel, the only statement arguably related to the Rule 56(d) request is that "in the alternative, the nature of the case will require a substantial amount of discovery for the total truth of this matter to be submitted to the trier of the facts." Grant Kidani Decl. ¶ 3. This statement fails to explain the specific facts Plaintiff hopes to elicit from discovery, that the facts he seeks exist, and that the facts are essential to his Opposition. Plaintiff has therefore failed to carry his burden in seeking a Rule 56(d) request.
Plaintiff's Opposition provides a little more detail regarding his Rule 56(d) request,
The court therefore DENIES Plaintiff's Rule 56(d) request for a continuance.
Breach of contract claims are subject to a six-year statute of limitations. See Haw. Rev. Stat. ("HRS") § 657-1(1) (explaining that an action for breach of contract "shall be commenced within six years next after the cause of action accrued, and not after"). This six-year period generally begins upon breach of the contract. See Lindner v. Meadow Gold Dairies, Inc., 515 F.Supp.2d 1141, 1151-52 (D.Haw.2007); see also Au v. Au, 63 Haw. 210, 219, 626 P.2d 173, 180 (1981) ("Normally, the statute of limitations begins to run on a contract when the contract is breached.").
Viewing the facts in a light most favorable to Plaintiff, in 1978 Plaintiff entered into the policy, which required Plaintiff to pay $16,960 any time within the first seven years (or four payments of $4,240 in any four of the first seven years) for the policy to be paid in full and for Defendants to be obligated to pay Plaintiff's heirs $200,000 upon his death. Wayburn Decl. ¶¶ 6-7. According to Plaintiff, he fully paid the policy by May or June of 1981 such that Defendants are obligated to pay $200,000 upon his death. See Pl.'s Ex. 3. Yet in 1983, Plaintiff received a letter from Defendants requesting additional payments, Defs.' Ex. N, and by no later than 1997, Plaintiff clearly knew Defendants' position that the policy was terminated. Defs.' CSF 7.
Based on these facts, Defendants argue that a breach would have occurred, and the statute of limitations began, when they notified Plaintiff that additional premiums were required to maintain the policy. Defs.' Suppl. Br. at 4-5. In comparison, Plaintiff argues that the doctrine of anticipatory repudiation applies, allowing Plaintiff to bring suit at any time until six years after Defendant fails to perform under the policy (i.e., six years after Plaintiff's death). After careful consideration, the court determines that the law has developed two different approaches to addressing this issue, neither of which affords Plaintiff relief.
The first approach can be explained by an analysis of the doctrine of anticipatory repudiation. An anticipatory repudiation refers to a breach of contract "committed before the time specified for performance... has arrived." 17A Am. Jur. 2d § 716; see also Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 250. Where the doctrine of anticipatory repudiation applies, the injured party has the option to "sue either when the anticipatory repudiation occurs or at
But the doctrine of anticipatory repudiation is more limited than Plaintiff argues— the doctrine applies only where both parties to the contract have not fully performed. Specifically, the Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 253
The Restatement Comments explain the scope of this doctrine as follows:
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 253, cmt.c. The Comments further provide an apt illustration to this bar:
The second approach provides a more reasonable approach to the problem the Restatement creates of requiring an individual who has already fully performed to wait until nonperformance of the other party. In the specific context of insurance policies, courts have found that even though the time for an insurer to pay out on the policy has not yet arrived, an insurer nonetheless breaches the policy, and triggers the statute of limitations, when it demands that the insured makes payments inconsistent with the insured's understanding of the policy terms. For example, in Parkhill v. Minnesota Mutual Life Insurance Co., 286 F.3d 1051 (8th Cir.2002), the insured purchased a life insurance policy from the insurer, along with assurances that the policy would maintain itself without any further out-of-pocket expenses. After almost ten years of receiving annual statements and other correspondence that contradicted these assurances, the insured brought suit for breach of contract in 1997. Parkhill affirmed the district court's determination that the breach of contract claim was untimely. Parkhill explained that the claim accrued no later than 1990 when the insurer required the insured to make payments that were inconsistent with the earlier assurances because at that point, the insured "should have been aware... that the policy was not performing as promised." Id. at 1056; see also Del Vecchio v. Conseco, Inc., 788 N.E.2d 446, 450 (Ind.App.2003) (holding that insured's breach of contract claim accrued when Plaintiff received his policy statements indicating that the policy would ultimately terminate without further payments, despite assurances that the policy would last indefinitely); cf. Central States, Se. & Sw. Areas Pension Fund v. Basic Am. Indus., Inc., 252 F.3d 911, 915-16 (7th Cir.2001) (criticizing the rule that anticipatory repudiation does not apply where the plaintiff
That the breach of contract claim accrues upon the insurer's inconsistent statements, as opposed to when performance is ultimately due, makes common sense because it allows the insured, as opposed to his heirs, to bring suit, and also allows a suit to commence while evidence and witnesses are still available.
In sum, under either approach, Plaintiff's breach of contract claim is not timely.
In opposition, Plaintiff argues that to the extent the statute of limitations began when Defendants asked for further premium payments and/or when Defendants told Plaintiff the policy was terminated, the statute of limitations should be tolled because (1) Plaintiff lacked the capacity to bring this action earlier due to illness; (2) Defendants fraudulently concealed this cause of action; and (3) Defendants "lulled" Plaintiff into not filing this action sooner by failing to provide Plaintiff documents. The court rejects these arguments.
As to Plaintiff's argument that he was ill, Plaintiff has the burden to establish that he is entitled to equitable tolling, yet he has come forward with no evidence whatsoever supporting that illness prevented him from bringing this action. See Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 418, 125 S.Ct. 1807, 161 L.Ed.2d 669 (2005) ("Generally, a litigant seeking equitable tolling bears the burden of establishing two elements: (1) that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way.").
As to Plaintiff's assertion that Defendants prevented him from learning of enough facts to bring this action, HRS § 657-20 states that where the defendant
As used in § 657-20, fraudulent concealment means the "employment of artifice, planned to prevent inquiry or escape investigation, and [mislead] or hinder acquirement of information disclosing a right of action." See Au, 63 Haw. at 215, 626 P.2d at 178 (quotation and citation signals omitted); see also Gast v. Kwak, 396 F.Supp.2d 1150, 1157 (D.Haw.2005) (applying HRS § 657-20); Nakamoto v. Hartley, 758 F.Supp. 1357, 1364-65 (D.Haw.1991) (citing Au and applying HRS § 657-20). In other words, fraudulent concealment requires that a plaintiff show that a defendant acted affirmatively and fraudulently to conceal the cause of action. See Au, 63 Haw. at 215, 626 P.2d at 178; Gast, 396 F.Supp.2d at 1157.
Plaintiff has failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact that any fraudulent concealment by Defendants prevented Plaintiff from learning of his cause of action. Although Plaintiff argues that Defendants concealed "important information" from him, see Pl.'s Opp'n 5, 9, Plaintiff fails to present any evidence supporting that Defendants affirmatively withheld information that Plaintiff needed to understand that he had a cause of action. Rather, the undisputed evidence establishes that regardless of whatever documents Plaintiff requested from Defendants, Defendants made clear their position on the policy such that Plaintiff should have been aware of his cause of action. Specifically, by 1997 Plaintiff was aware that Defendants had terminated his policy and had even made express allegations that he had been "defrauded" or "lied to" to NALA and/or Manulife. Defs.' CSF ¶ 10. By 1998, Plaintiff asserted that Defendants were defrauding him and began to threaten filing suit against Defendants regarding the policy. Id. ¶¶ 13-14. Given these facts, fraudulent concealment does not apply.
Finally, the court rejects Plaintiff's assertion that Defendants somehow "lulled" Plaintiff into failing to bring this action within the statute of limitations by failing to produce documents he requested. See Pl.'s Opp'n 5. In general, "actions by a party tending to lull another into inaction and permit the statute of limitations to run against him [fall] within the lulling exception." Cunha v. Ward Foods, Inc., 501 F.Supp. 830, 836 (D.Haw.1980) (citing Mauian Hotel, Inc. v. Maui Pineapple Co., 52 Haw. 563, 481 P.2d 310 (1971)). There is no evidence, however, that Defendants took any actions that would lull Plaintiff into inaction—rather, the evidence establishes that Defendants consistently maintained their position that Plaintiff had received a whole life insurance policy and that the policy had lapsed. That Defendants failed to produce all of the documents requested by Plaintiff does not change that Plaintiff knew of Defendant's position that the policy had lapsed and therefore should have brought this action if he disagreed with Defendants.
The court therefore GRANTS Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiff's breach of contract claim.
Defendants argue that Plaintiff's claim for violation of HRS § 480-2 is barred by the statute of limitations, and in opposition, Plaintiff asserts that equitable tolling applies. The court addresses these arguments in turn.
This four-year period begins to run from the date of the occurrence of the violation, and not the date of discovery. McDevitt v. Guenther, 522 F.Supp.2d 1272, 1289 (D.Haw.2007).
NALA terminated Plaintiff's policy in 1984, and starting in 1997 Defendants responded to Plaintiff's inquiries regarding his insurance policy by explaining that Plaintiff had purchased a whole, not universal, life insurance policy. See Defs.' Exs. D, H, K, L, M. Further, there is no evidence suggesting that Defendants committed any violations of HRS § 480-2 in the four years preceding the filing of this action on February 4, 2009. Accordingly, Plaintiff's claims for violation of HRS § 480-2, filed twenty-five years after the policy was terminated and twelve years after Defendants denied that Plaintiff received a universal life insurance policy, are barred by HRS § 480-24's four-year statute of limitations unless Plaintiff can take benefit of any equitable principles tolling of the statute of limitations. As explained above, however, Plaintiff has not established a genuine issue of material fact supporting any equitable tolling principle.
The court therefore GRANTS Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiff's claim for violation of § 480-2 as time-barred.
A plaintiff must bring a misrepresentation claim within six years after the cause of action accrues. See HRS § 657-1(4) (providing a six-year statute of limitations for "[p]ersonal actions of any nature whatsoever not specifically covered by the laws of the State"); see also Eastman v. McGowan, 86 Haw. 21, 27, 946 P.2d 1317, 1323 (1997). A cause of action on a tort claim such as this accrues when the plaintiff knew or should have known of the defendant's alleged misconduct and its connection to the plaintiff's injury. See Hays v. City & County of Honolulu, 81 Haw. 391, 396, 917 P.2d 718, 723 (1996) (interpreting HRS § 657-7.3 and HRS § 657-7).
As explained above for Plaintiff's claim for violation of breach of contract and § 480-2 claims, Plaintiff knew by 1997 that Defendants were asserting that Plaintiff received a whole life insurance policy. Plaintiff disagreed with Defendants, asserting that he was "defrauded" and "lied to" by Defendants. Accordingly, by this time Plaintiff knew or should have known of both Defendants' alleged misrepresentations and his resulting injuries. Further, as explained above, Plaintiff has established no genuine issue of material fact that any tolling principles apply. The court therefore GRANTS Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiff's misrepresentation claim.
A plaintiff must bring an IIED claim within two years after the claim accrues. See HRS § 657-7 (providing that "an action for the recovery of compensation for damage or injury to persons or property shall be instituted within two years after the cause of action accrued"); Guillermo v. Hartford Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 986 F.Supp. 1334, 1336 (D.Haw.1997) (finding that HRS § 657-7 applies to IIED claims). Similar to the misrepresentation claim, this cause of action accrues when Plaintiff "knew or should have known of the causal connection between the defendant's action and the damage done." Guillermo, 986 F.Supp. at 1336.
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Plaintiff, the court finds no genuine issue of material fact that Plaintiff should have known of the connection between his emotional distress and Defendants' conduct much earlier than within the two years preceding the filing of this action. In 1998, Plaintiff was aware that NALA had terminated the policy in 1984 and Plaintiff explained that he "was really upset and emotional that they were trying to take my money and tell me I don't have a policy. . . . I probably called them crooks. They stole my money and they're defrauding me, and I was extremely upset that day." Defs.'CSF ¶ 13. Further, in 2003, Plaintiff alleged that "someone screwed around with this policy and faked it and lied to me" such that he became "extremely upset and really, really upset over this." Id. ¶ 14. These undisputed facts establish that Plaintiff was aware of Defendants' position that Plaintiff's policy had lapsed and he had connected (or certainly should have connected) his distress with Defendants' position. Further, as explained above, Plaintiff has established no genuine issue of material fact that he is entitled to tolling of the statute of limitations.
The court therefore GRANTS Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiff's IIED claim.
Based on the above, the court GRANTS Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment. The Clerk of Court is directed to close the case file.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
The court also recognizes that Franconia Assocs. v. United States, 536 U.S. 129, 144, 122 S.Ct. 1993, 153 L.Ed.2d 132 (2002), applied the doctrine of anticipatory repudiation to hold that the statute of limitations for the plaintiff's breach of contract claim accrued upon the non-repudiating party's date of election. Franconia is also distinguishable. At issue in Franconia was whether newly-enacted legislation altering the prepayment terms of loan agreements between borrowers and the government was a breach or a repudiation. Id. at 128, 122 S.Ct. 1993. Franconia found that the legislation was a repudiation and not a breach—the non-repudiating parties had not yet fully performed (i.e., they had not attempted to prepay their loans), and the government's time for performance (acceptance of prepayments) had not yet ripened. Id. at 142-44, 122 S.Ct. 1993. In comparison, Plaintiff asserts that he has fully performed under the policy.
